System and method of using modular spoken-dialog components

ABSTRACT

A system and method are disclosed for switching contexts within a spoken dialog between a user and a spoken dialog system. The spoken dialog system utilizes modular subdialogs that are invoked by at least one flow controller that is a finite state model and that associated with a dialog manager. The spoken dialog system includes a dialog manager with a flow controller and a reusable subdialog module. The method includes, while the spoken dialog is being controlled by the subdialog module that was invoked by the flow controller, receiving context-changing input associated with speech from a user that changes a dialog context and comparing the context-changing input to at least one context shift. And, if any of the context shifts are activated by the comparing step, then passing control of the spoken dialog to the flow controller with context shift message and destination state.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is related to the following applications: Ser.No. 10/763,085 entitled “System and Method to Disambiguate and ClarifyUser Intention in a Spoken Dialog System”; Ser. No. 10/790,159 entitled“Method for Developing a Dialog Manager Using Modular Spoken-DialogComponents”; and Ser. No. 10/790,495 entitled “System and Dialog ManagerDeveloped Using Modular Spoken-Dialog Components”. The contents of theseapplications are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to spoken dialog systems and morespecifically to a system and method of providing a modular approach tocreating the dialog manager that handles context shifts in a spokendialog service.

2. Introduction

The present invention relates to spoken dialog systems and to the dialogmanager module within such a system. The dialog manager controls theinteractive strategy and flow once the semantic meaning of the userquery is extracted. There are a variety of techniques for handlingdialog management. Several examples may be found in Huang, Acero andHon. Spoken Language Processing, A Guide to Theory, Algorithm and SystemDevelopment, Prentice Hall PTR (2001), pages 886-918. Recent advances inlarge vocabulary speech recognition and natural language understandinghave made the dialog manager component complex and difficult tomaintain. Often, existing specifications and industry standards such asVoice XML and SALT (Speech Application Language Tags) have difficultywith more complex speech applications.

Development of a dialog manager continues to require highly-skilled andtrained developers. The process of developing, generating, testing anddeploying a spoken dialog service having an acceptably accurate dialogmanager is costly and time-consuming. As the technology continues todevelop, consumers further expect spoken dialog systems to handle morecomplex dialogs. As can be appreciated, higher costs and technicalskills are required to develop more complex spoken dialog systems.

When developing spoken dialog systems, one of the most tedioustransitions to encode in a system is a context shift. A context shiftoccurs when a user interacting with a system changes the context of adialog. An example may be instructive. Assume a user is interacting witha spoken dialog service for banking services. The user desires to obtainan account balance. As part of this interaction, the service wouldprompt the user for an account number. While the user is in the processof providing an account number, the user may say “I also want totransfer funds”. In this regard, the user changes the context fromreceiving an account balance to making a fund transfer. These kinds oftransitions are difficult to predict and code in a spoken dialogservice.

Given the improved ability of large vocabulary speech recognitionsystems and natural language understanding capabilities, what is neededin the art is a system and method that provides an improved developmentprocess for the dialog manager in a complex dialog system. Such improvedmethod should simplify the development process, decrease the cost todeploy a spoken dialog service, and utilize reusable components. Thesereusable components also need to be more efficient in handling contextshifts in a spoken dialog with a user.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth inthe description which follows, and in part will be obvious from thedescription, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Thefeatures and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained bymeans of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out inthe appended claims. These and other features of the present inventionwill become more fully apparent from the following description andappended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention asset forth herein.

An embodiment of the invention relates to a method of switching contextswithin a spoken dialog between a user and a spoken dialog system, thespoken dialog system having a dialog manager with a first flowcontroller and a second flow controller. The method comprises, while thespoken dialog is being controlled by the first flow controller,receiving context-changing input associated with speech from a user thatchanges a dialog context and comparing the context-changing input to atleast one context shift. Further, if any of the context shifts areactivated by the comparing step, the method further comprises passingcontrol to an invoked second flow controller indicated by the contextshift and if no context shift is activated by the comparing step,maintaining control of the spoken dialog with the first flow controller.

Other embodiments of the invention include but are not limited to (1) amodular subdialog having certain characteristics such that it can beselected and incorporated into a dialog manager below a top level flowcontroller. The modular subdialog can be called up by the top level flowcontroller to handle specific tasks and receive context data and returndata to the top level flow control gathered from its interaction withthe user as programmed; (2) a dialog manager generated according to themethod set forth herein; (3) a computer readable medium storing programinstructions or spoken dialog system components; and (4) a spoken dialogservice having a dialog manager generated according to the process setforth herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and otheradvantages and features of the invention can be obtained, a moreparticular description of the invention briefly described above will berendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which areillustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawingsdepict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not thereforeto be considered to be limiting of its scope, the invention will bedescribed and explained with additional specificity and detail throughthe use of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates the basic spoken dialog service;

FIG. 2 illustrates a flow controller in the context of a dialog manager;

FIG. 3 illustrates a dialog application top level flow controller andexample subdialogs;

FIG. 4 illustrates a context shift associated with a flow controller;

FIG. 5A illustrates a reusable subdialog;

FIG. 5B illustrates an RTN reusable subdialog;

FIG. 6 illustrates a method aspect of the present invention; and

FIG. 7 illustrates another method aspect of the invention associatedwith context shifts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The various embodiments of the invention will be explained generally inthe context of AT&T speech products and development tools. However, thepresent invention is not limited to any specific product or applicationdevelopment environment.

FIG. 1 provides the basic modules that are used in a spoken dialogsystem 100. A user 102 that is interacting with the system will speak aquestion or statement. An automatic speech recognition (ASR) module 104will receive and process the sound from the speech. The speech isrecognized and converted into text. AT&T's Watson ASR component is anexample of such an ASR module. The text is transmitted to a spokenlanguage understanding (SLU) module 106 (or natural languageunderstanding (NLU) module) that determines the meaning of the speech,or determines the user's intent in the speech. This involvesinterpretation as well as decision: interpreting what task the callerwants performed and determining whether there is clearly a single,unambiguous task the caller is requesting—or, if not, determiningactions that can be taken to resolve the ambiguity. The NLU 106 uses itslanguage models to interpret what the caller said. The NLU processes thespoken language input wherein the concepts and other extracted data aretransmitted (preferably in XML code) from the NLU 106 to the dialogmanager (DM) application 108 along with a confidence score. The DMmodule 108 processes the received candidate intents or purposes of theuser's speech and generates an appropriate response. In this regard, theDM 108 manages interaction with the caller, deciding how the system willrespond to the caller. This is preferably a joint process of the DMengine 108 running on a Natural Language Services (NLS) platform (suchas AT&T's infrastructure for NL services, for example) and the specificDM application 108 that it has loaded and launched. The DM engine 108manages dialog with the caller by applying the compiled conceptsreturned from the NLU 106 to the logic models provided by the DMapplication 108. This determines how the system interacts with a caller,within the context of an ongoing dialog. The substance of the responseis transmitted to a spoken language generation component (SLG) 110 whichgenerates words to be spoken to the caller 102. The words aretransmitted to a text-to-speech module 112 that synthesizes audiblespeech that the user 102 receives and hears. The SLG 110 either playsback pre-recorded prompts or real-time synthesized text-to-speech (TTS).AT&T's Natural Voices® TTS engine provides an example of a TTS enginethat is preferably used. Various types of data and rules 114 areemployed in the training and run-time operation of each of thesecomponents.

An example DM 108 component is the AT&T Florence DM engine and DMapplication development environment. The present invention relates tothe DM component and will provide a novel approach to development andimplementation of the DM module 108. Other embodiments of the inventioninclude a spoken dialog system having a DM that functions according tothe disclosure here, a DM module independent of a spoken dialog serviceor other hardware or firmware, a computer-readable medium forcontrolling a computing device and various methods of practicing theinvention. These various embodiments will be understood from thedisclosure here.

A spoken dialog system or dialog manager (as part of a spoken dialogsystem) will operate on a computing device such as the well-knowncomputer system having a computer processor, volatile memory, a harddisc, a bus that transmits information from memory through the processorand to and from other computer components. Inasmuch as the basiccomputing architecture and programming languages evolve, the presentinvention is not limited to any specific computing structure but may beoperable on any state-of-the-art device or network configuration.

AT&T's Florence dialog management environment provides a completeframework for building and testing advanced natural language automateddialog applications. The core of Florence is its object-orientedframework of Java classes and standard dialog patterns. This serves asan immediate foundation for rapid development of dialog infrastructurewith little or no additional programming.

Along with a dialog infrastructure, Florence offers tools to create alocal development and test environment with many convenient andtime-saving features to support dialog authoring. Florence also suppliesa key runtime component for the VoiceTone Dialog Automation platform—theFlorence DM engine, an Enterprise Java Bean (EJB) on the VoiceTone/NLSJ2EE application server. Once a DM application is deployed on a platformsuch as the VoiceTone platform, the DM engine uses the logic built intothe application's dialogs to manage interactions with end-users withinthe context of an on-going dialog.

Whatever a dialog flow control logic model is active, the DM application108 will determine, for example, whether it is necessary to prompt thecaller to get confirmation or clarification and whether the caller hasprovided sufficient information to establish an unambiguous course ofaction. When the task to be performed is unambiguous, the DM engine'soutput processor uses the DM application's dialog components and outputtemplate to prepare appropriate output. Output is most often formattedas VoiceXML code containing speech text prompts that will be used togenerate a spoken response to the caller.

Note that although VoiceXML is the most typical output, a DM application108 can also be configured to provide output in any XML-based languageonly replacing the appropriate output template. The DM application 108may also generate output configured in other ways. When plain textoutput is sufficient (as might be the case during applicationdevelopment/debugging), Florence's own simple output processor can beused in lieu of any output template. The DM's spoken language generator(SLG) 110 helps generate the system's response to the caller 102. Output(such as VoiceXML code with speech text, for example) generated by theFlorence output processor using a specific output template is runthrough the SLG 110 before it is sent to a text-to-speech (TTS) engine112. In real production grade services, both the DM and 108 the NLU 106engines are preferably Enterprise Java Beans (EJBs) running on the NLSJ2EE application server. The ASR and TTS engines communicate with theNLS server via a telephony server or some other communication means.Using EJBs is one way to implement the business logic and servlets orJSP pages are also alternative standard-based options.

A DM application supplies dialog data and logical models pertaining tothe kinds of tasks a user might be trying to perform and the dialogmanager engine implements the call flow logic contained in the DMapplication to assist in completing those tasks. As tasks are performed,the dialog manager is also updating the dialog history (the record ofthe system's previous dialog interaction with a caller) by logginginformation representing an ongoing history of the dialog, includinginput received, decisions made, and output generated.

Florence DM applications can be created and debugged in a local desktopdevelopment environment before they are deployed on the NLS J2EEapplication server. The Florence Toolkit includes a local copy of theXML schema, a local command line tool, and a local NLU serverspecifically for this purpose. Ultimately, however, DM applications thatare to be deployed on the NLS server need to be tested with to NLStechnology components residing on the J2EE server.

An important concept defined in the Florence DM is the Flow Controller(FC) logic. A Flow Controller is the abstraction for pluggable dialogstrategy modules. The dialog strategy model controls the flow of dialogwhen a user “converses” with the system. Dialog strategy implementationscan be based on different types of dialog flow control logic models.Different algorithms can be implemented and made available to the DMengine without changing the basic interface. For example, customer carecall routing systems are better described in terms of RTNs (RecursiveTransition Networks). Complex knowledge-based tasks could besynthetically described by a variation of knowledge trees. ClarificationFCs are basically decision trees, where dialog control passes from nodeto node along branches and are discussed in Ser. No. 10/763,085 entitled“System and Method to Disambiguate and Clarify User Intention in aSpoken Dialog System”. Plan-based dialogs are effectively defined byrules and constraints (rule-based). Florence FC provides a syntheticXML-based language to author the appropriate dialog strategy. Dialogstrategy algorithms are encapsulated using object oriented paradigms.This allows dialog authors to write sub-dialogs with differentalgorithms, depending on the nature of the task and use theminterchangeably exchanging variables through the local and globalcontexts. The disclosure below relates to RTN FCs.

RTN FCs are finite state models, where a dialog control passes from onestate to another and transitions between states have specific triggers.This decision system uses the notion of states connected by arcs. Thepath through the network is decided based on the conditions associatedwith the arcs. Each state is capable of calling a new subdialog.Additional types of FC implementations include a rules-based model. Inthis model, the author writes rules which are used to make decisionsabout how to interact with the user. The RTN FC is the preferred modelfor automated customer care services. All the FC family of dialogstrategy algorithms, such as the RTN FC, the clarification FC, and therule-based FC implementations support common dialog flow controlfeatures, such as context shifts, local context, actions, andsubdialogs.

In general, the RTN FC is a state machine that uses states andtransitions between states to control the dialog between a user and a DMapplication. Where some variables are defined at the state level (usingslots, for example, as a local context), these are often referred to asAugmented Transition Networks. See, e.g., D. Bobrow and B. Fraser, “AnAugmented State Transition Network Analysis Procedure”, Proceedings ofthe IJCAI, pages 557-567, Washington D.C., May 1969. For simplicity, thepresent document refers to RTNs only. If an application is using an RTNFC implementation in its currently active dialog, when the DMapplication receives user input, the DM engine applies the call logicdefined in that RTN FC implementation to respond to the user in anappropriate manner. The RTN FC logic determines which state to advanceto based on the input received from the caller. There may be associatedsets of instructions that will be executed upon entering this state. (Astate can have up to four or more instruction sets.) The transition fromone state to another may also have an associated set of conditions thatmust be met in order to move to the next state or associated actionsthat are invoked when the transition occurs.

Next is described a possible implementation of RTNs using an XML-basedlanguage. Each RTN state is defined in the XML code of a dialog datafile with a separate <state> element nested within the overall <states>element. The attributes of an RTN <state> element include name,subdialog and pause. The name attribute is the identifier of the state;it can be any string. The subdialog attribute is the name of the FCinvoked as a subdialog. If this attribute is left out, the state willnot create a subdialog. The pause attribute determines whether the RTNFC will pause. If this is set to true, the RTN controller will pausebefore exiting to get new user input. Note that if the state invokes asubdialog, it will not pause before the subdialog is invoked, but willpause after it returns control. For example:

<state name=“GET_SELECTION” subdialog=“InputSD” pause=“false”><!-sincepause

is false, it will not wait for new input after the subdialog-></state>

Two aspects of state behavior should be noted. First, all instructionsthat modify the local context of the FC occur inside of states. Second,only states modify the local context of an RTN FC by executinginstructions. Transitions (see below) do not execute instructions,although they can execute actions. The behavior of a state occurs instages. In a preferred embodiment, there are six stages, as describedbelow. These are only exemplary stages, however, and other stages arecontemplated as within the scope of the invention.

The first stage relates to state entry instructions. The <enterstate>set of instructions is executed immediately when a transition deliverscontrol to the state. If a state is reached by a context shift or achronoshift, these instructions are not executed. A chronoshift denotesa request to back trace the dialog execution to a previous dialog turn.Chronoshifts typically also involved removing a previous dialog from thestack to give control to the previous dialog. Also, the initial state ofan RTN does not execute these instructions; however, if the RTN FCpasses control to this state because it is the default state of the RTNFC, it will execute these instructions. The following is an example froma dialog file's XML code where a <set> element nested within an<enterstate> element includes entry instructions:

<state name=“SPANISH_STATE”><enterstate><set name=“salutaton”

expr=“Adios!”/></enterstate></state>

The second stage relates to subdialog creation. If the state has asubdialog, then it is created at this stage. The name of the subdialogis provided as the value of the subdialog=attribute of the <state>element. The following is an example of the syntax for a <state> elementwhich calls a subdialog named InputSD:

<state name=“GET_SELECTION” subdialog=“InputSD”/>

The third stage relates to subdialog entry instructions. The<entersubdialog> set of instructions is invoked when the state creates asubdialog. Typically, instructions in this stage affect both the dialogand the subdialog. For example, the <set> instruction will retrievevalues from the parent dialog and set values in the subdialog. This isuseful for passing arguments to a subdialog before it executes. In oneaspect of the invention, the invoked subdialog is pushed to the stop ofthe stack of dialog modules so that the invoked subdialog can manage thespoken dialog and interact with the user.

The fourth stage relates to subdialog execution. If a subdialog wascreated in stage 2 (the subdialog creation stage), it is started in thisstage. Input will be directed to the subdialog until it returns controlto the dialog.

The fifth stage relates to subdialog exit instructions. The<exitsubdialog> set of instructions is invoked when the subdialogreturns control to the dialog. Typically, instructions in this stageaffect both the dialog and the subdialog. This is useful for retrievingvalues from a subdialog when it is complete. In one aspect of theinvention, when the control of the spoken dialog exits from an invokedsubdialog module, the subdialog module is popped off the dialog modulestack.

The sixth stage relates to state exit instructions. The <exitstate> setof instructions is executed when a transition is used to exit a state orthe RTN shifts control to the default state. These instructions are notexecuted if the state is left by a context shift or chronoshift, nor arethey executed if this is a final state in this RTN. The six stages of astate and associated instruction sets are summarized in the table below.When a state has passed through all six of these stages (including thosewith no associated instructions) it will advance to a new state.

TABLE 1 State Instruction Sets Stage Instruction Set State Entry Use an<enterstate> element with a <set> element nested within it to identify aset of instructions associated with entering this state. Subdialog Noinstructions are used in this stage, however, the Creation subdialogattribute of the <state> element can be used to identify the subdialogbeing called. Subdialog Use an <entersubdialog> element with a <set>element Entry nested within it to identify a set of instructionsassociated with entering this subdialog. Subdialog No instructions areused in this stage. Execution Subdialog Use an <exitsubdialog> elementwith a <set> element Exit nested within it to identify a set ofinstructions associated with exiting this subdialog. State Use an<exitstate> element with a <set> element nested Exit within it toidentify a set of instructions associated with exiting this state.

Each RTN transition is defined in the XML code of the dialog file with aseparate <transition> element nested within the overall <transitions>element. The attributes of a <transition> element include: name=, from=,to =, and else=. For example:

<transition name=“GERMAN_SELECTED” from=“GET_SELECTION”

to =“GERMAN_STATE” else=“true”>

In this example, the name= attribute is the identifier for the RTNtransition. It can be any unique string. The from= attribute is theidentifier of the source state, and the to= attribute is the identifierof the destination state. The else= attribute determines whether andwhen other transitions can be used. If the else= attribute is given a“true” value, then this transition will only be invoked if no othertransitions can be used.

Each <transition> can have a set of conditions defined in a <conditions>element. This element must be evaluated to true in order for thetransition to be traversable. Each <transition> can also have an elementof type <actions>. This element contains the <action> elements whichwill be executed if this transition is selected. The following examplecomes from a sample application where callers order foreign languagemovies:

<transition name=“FRENCH_SELECTED” from=“GET_SELECTION”

to =“FRENCH_STATE”><actions><action>FRENCH_MOVIE</action>

</actions><conditions><cond oper=“eq” expr1=“$successfulInput”expr2=“true”/>

<cond oper=“eq” expr1=“$language”expr2=“french”/></conditions></transition>

Transitions can have conditions and actions associated with them, butnot instructions. Transitions do not execute instructions; only statescan affect the local context in an RTN FC.

There are conditions associated with each transition. A transition canhave an associated set of conditions which must all be fulfilled inorder to be traversed—or, it can be marked as an “else transition”,which means it will be traversed if no other transition is eligible.Transitions with conditions that have been satisfied have priority overelse transitions. If a transition has no conditions, it is treated as anelse transition. If multiple transitions are eligible, which of thetransitions will be selected as undefined—and which else transition willbe selected if there is more than one is also undefined. Here is anexample of a transition with two conditions:

<transition name=“ENGLISH_SELECTED” from=“GET_SELECTION”

to =“ENGLISH_STATE”><conditions><cond oper=“eq” expr1=“$successfulInput”

expr2=“true”/><cond oper=“eq” expr1=“$language”expr2=“english”/></conditions>

</transition>

Here is an example of an else condition:

<transition name=“ENGLISH_SELECTED” from=“GET_SELECTION”

to=“ENGLISH_STATE” else=“true”/>

There are also actions associated with each transition. In addition tomoving the RTN to a new state, another effect of traversing a transitionis execution of actions associated with that transition. An action isused to communicate with the application user. A transition can invokeany number of actions. This is an example of a transition with anaction:

<transition name=“INTRO_PROMPT” from==“START_STATE”

to =“CORRECT_STATh”><actions><action>INTRO_PROMPT</action>

</actions></transition>

The RTN FC is responsible for keeping track of action data. In theexample above, INTRO_PROMPT is a label that is used to look up theaction data. In addition to states and transitions, other components ofthe RTN FC include: Local context, Context shifts, Subdialogs andActions.

The concept of a local context, implemented in the XML code of thedialog data file with the <context> element, is particularly important.Local context is a memory space for tracking stored values in anapplication. These values can be read and manipulated using conditionsand instructions. Instructions modify the local context from RTN states.Context shifts are implemented with the <contextshifts> element. Eachcontext shift defined in the dialog requires a separate <contextshift>element nested within the overall <contextshifts> tags. The named stateof a context shift corresponds to an RTN state.

Subdialogs may be defined with individual <dialogfile> elements nestedwithin an overall <subdialogs> element. Subdialogs can be invoked by thestates of an RTN FC. Actions are defined with individual <actiondef>elements nested within an overall <actiondefs> element. Actions can beinvoked by the transitions of an RTN FC. The RTN FC also has some uniqueproperties, such as the start state and default state attributes, whichcan be very useful. In an application's FXML dialog files, the start=and default= attributes of the <rtn> element allow the developer tospecify the start state (the name of the state that the RTN FC startsin) and the default state (the name of the state that the RTN FCdefaults to if no other state can be reached). Again, from the movierental example:

<rtn name=“MovieRentalSD” start=“START_STATE” default=“DEFAULT_STATE”>

</rtn>

There are, by way of example, three types of values that can be storedin the local context of an RTN or Clarification FC implementation: localcontext variables, a local context array and a dictionary array. Othervalues may be stored as well. A local context variable is a key/valuepair that matches a variable name string to a value string. Othervariables that may be available include offer typed variables andnumeric operations. For example:

<var name=“successfulInput” expr=“false”/>

The normal <array> contains numerically indexed <var> elements. Theseelements do not have to have a name attribute. The <dictionary> elementcan contain <var> elements referenced by their names. Both types canalso contain other arrays. For example:

<array name=“SilenceActions”><var expr=“SILENCE1”/><varexpr=“SILENCE2”/>

</array>

As mentioned above, local context variables can be referred to inconditions and instructions. Every FC implementation will provide someway to do this. Flow controllers also share a global context area acrosssubdialogs and different flow controllers. Variables declared in theglobal context are accessible by all the FC and any subdialog.Typically, condition elements are used to check the state of the localcontext and return “true” or “false,” while instructions are used tomanipulate values and members of the local context. Instructions canalso modify the actions of an FC. Within an FC, it is common to seestrings that reference values in the local context. For example,$returnValue references the value of the variable named returnValue.This convention is frequently used in conditions and instructions.

Conditions may be specified with the <cond> or <ucond> elements. The<cond> element takes two arguments, the <ucond> element only acceptsone. The following condition types are available in an RTN orclarification FC implementation: Equal conditions, Greater-thanconditions, Less-than conditions and XPath conditions.

Equal (eq) returns true if the first argument is equal to the second. Ifthey are both numeric, a numeric comparison will be made. Eitherargument may use the $ syntax to refer to local context variables. Forexample:

<cond oper=“eq” expr1=“$inputConcept” expr2=“discourse_yes”/>

Greater-than (gt) returns true if the first argument is greater than thesecond. Otherwise it is identical to EQCondition. For example:

<cond oper=“gt” expr1=“$inputConfidence” expr2=“.8”/>

Less-thanReturns (lt) returns true if the first argument is less thanthe second. Otherwise identical to EQCondition. For example:

<cond oper=“lt” expr1=“$inputConfidence” expr2=“.8”/>

The XPath condition may also be used. This condition uses XPath syntaxto check a value in the local context. This is especially useful when avalue is described as an XML document, such as the results from the NLU.It is true if the element searched for exists. An example of the XPathcondition is:

<cond oper=“xpath” expr=“result/interpretation/input/noinput”/>

A context shift is a challenging type of transition to encode throughoutan entire application, and it may prevent reuse of existing subdialogsthat do not include it. The context shift mechanism defines thetransition for the entire dialog, and passes it on to subdialogs aswell. This means that even if the developer is using a standardizedsubdialog for, for instance, gathering input, this transition will stillbe active in the unmodified subdialog.

A context shift is based on two pieces of information: the input whichtriggers the shift, and the name of the state where the shift goes (forexample, to a different FC, where the concept of state is not specifiedi.e., rule-based, the system will specify the destination as a subdialogname instead of a specific state). When a subdialog is created, itinherits the context shifts of its parent dialog. If a shift is fired,the subdialog returns a message that a shift has occurred and the parentdialog is set to the state described by the shift. The only time that asubdialog does not inherit a context shift is when it already has ashift defined for the same trigger concept.

For example, Table 2 shows the context shifts defined for dialog A:

TABLE 2 Context Shifts Example - Dialog A Definitions Trigger ConceptSet Destination State Car “Car rental” Hotel “Hotel reservation” Plane“Flight reservation”

Table 3 shows the context shift defined for dialog B:

TABLE 3 Context Shifts Example - Dialog B Definitions Trigger ConceptSet Destination State Car “Get car type”

Then, when A calls B, the context shifts of B will be as shown in Table4:

TABLE 4 Context Shifts Example - When Dialog A Calls Dialog B TriggerConcept Set Destination State Car “Get car type” Hotel Dialog A: “Hotelreservation” Plane Dialog A: “Flight reservation”

It is also possible for an FC to override the shift. For example, theRTN FC allows states to ignore context shifts if specified conditionsare met. Suppose the author wanted to prevent looping in the “Get cartype” state. This state could be made exempt from the context shift inorder to allow a different action to occur if the concept “Car” wasrepeated. Note that creating an exemption like this is a good authoringtechnique for avoiding infinite loops.

An example output of the application development process is a set of XML(*.fxml) application files, including an application configuration fileand one or more dialog files (one top level dialog and any number of sublevel dialogs). All application files are preferably compliant withvarious types of XML schema.

FIG. 2 illustrates a dialog manager with several flow controllers. Thisfigure represents a DM 202 with a loaded flow controller 208 for a toplevel dialog from an XML data file 204. Another flow controller 210 isloaded from an XML application data file 206. Each dialog and subdialogtypically has an associated XML data file. The use of multiple flowcontrollers provides in the present invention an encapsulated, reusableand customizable approach to a spoken dialog. The reusable modules donot have any application dependencies and therefore are more capable ofbeing used in a mixed-initiative conversation. This provides aninterface definition for a fully encapsulated dialog logic module andits interaction with other FCs. Modular or reusable subdialogs have thecharacteristics that they are initialized by a parent dialog beforeactivation, input is sent to a subdialog until it is complete, resultscan be retrieved by the parent dialog and context shifts can return flowcontrol to the parent dialog.

Examples of reusable subdialogs that may be employed to either providejust information to the user or engage in a dialog to obtain informationmay include a telephone number, a social security number, an accountnumber, an e-mail address, a home or business address, or other topics.

The development system and method of the invention supportscomponent-based development of complex dialog systems. This includessupport for the creation and re-use of parameterized dialog componentsand the ability to retrieve values from these components using eitherlocal results or global variables. An example of the reusable componentsincludes a subdialog that requests credit-card information. Thismechanism for reusable dialog components pervades the entire system,providing a novel level of support for dialog authors. The author canexpect components to operate successfully with respect to the globalparameters of the application. Examples of such global parameterscomprise the output template and context shift parameters. Thecomponents can be used recursively within the system, to supportrecursive dialog flows if necessary. Therefore, while a subdialog iscontrolling the conversation, if a context shift occurs, the subdialogis isolated from the application dependencies (such as a specific pieceof information that the application provides like the top selling bookson amazon.com). Being isolated from the application dependencies allowsfor the subdialog to indicate a context shift and transfer control backto another module without trying to continue down a pre-determineddialog.

FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate the use of subdialogs and context shifts. FIG.3 illustrates a mixture of types of dialog modules. The control of thedialog at any given time lies within the respective dialog module, whichis a logical description of a part of a dialog. The dialog module isreferred to as a subdialog module when it is handed control by anotherdialog module. As shown in FIG. 3, the dialog application 302 relates tothe spoken dialog service such as the AT&T VoiceTone customer careapplication. The top level FC 304 is loaded as well as several othersubdialog FCs such as subdialog-1 306 and subdialog-2 308. Encapsulationallows each FC 306 and 308 to be loaded separately into the applicationand the same protocol may always be used for invocation of a subdialog.

Furthermore, context shifts can go between different types of FCs orbetween models of subdialog modules. In this regard, a component-baseddialog system as developed by the approach disclosed herein allowsdifferent decision models of dialogs, such as recursive transitionnetworks (RTN) and rule based systems, to interact seamlessly within anapplication. The algorithms for these dialog models are integrated intothe system itself. This means that the author who wants to use an RTNdoes not have to explain how RTNs work, nor how they interact with otherdialog properties. Similarly, if the author wants to create a rule-baseddialog, they do not have to create their own rule-based algorithm;instead they can focus on the content. Individual subdialogs are fullyencapsulated with regard to the model they are based on, so once asubdialog is created using one of the built-in logical models, thesubdialog can freely interact with other subdialogs of any model. Forexample, a subdialog which is a rule-based dialog for collecting userinformation can be called by a top level dialog which is a simple RTNused to route a call.

FIG. 3 also assists in understanding the concept of the stack. A dialogsystem generated according to this invention operates by using a stack.The top dialog module in the stack is indicated in the parameters of theapplication. When a subdialog is called, it is pushed onto the stack,and when it exits it is popped off of the stack. The control of thedialog always lies with the subdialog at the top of the stack, i.e. themost recently added dialog which has not yet been popped.

Information can be passed between dialog modules when the modules arepushed or popped. There is also a global memory space which can be usedby any dialog module. There is a common implementation of local memorywhich allows information to be passed to and from a subdialog when it iscreated and completed, respectively. Within each module, the state ofthe dialog at any moment is described in the language of the decisionalgorithm used by that dialog module.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flow controller 402 having several states 404, 406.A context shift is illustrated as returning control to a specific state408 within the FC 402. A number of common patterns in dialog developmentare incorporated into this process to simplify the task of DM creation.These strategies, such as context shifts, chronological shifts,digressions, confirmation, clarification, augmentation, cancel,correction, multi-input, relaxation, repeat, re-prompt and undo havebeen incorporated into the framework itself. Other strategies followingthe same pattern of usage may also be incorporated. This allows aparticular strategy during a spoken dialog to be easily included ifdesired, or ignored otherwise.

Several of the dialog module strategies are described next. A contextshift allows the author to describe sudden shifts in conversation.Context shifts can be defined in any dialog module, and passed down toall subsequent subdialogs. The definition of the context shift describesthe state in the defining dialog module that will be returned to in theevent that the conditions of the shift are met. The conditions of theshift are described in terms of the common memory structure used by alldialog modules, and may include references to the global memory of thesystem. When the context shift is fired, control returns to the dialogmodule where it was defined, popping all subdialog modules off of thecontrol stack.

Chronological shift reflect the common user requests to repeatinformation, or to correct previous input. The type of input whichconstitutes each of these shifts can be defined in any dialog module,and it will be passed along to subdialogs.

Digressions are also similar to context shifts in the way that they aredefined and passed to subdialogs. The difference is that rather thanreturning control to the dialog module where they are defined, theyinitiate a new subdialog which is takes control of the conversation.Once the digression subdialog is completed, control returns to themodule that had control before the digression.

A confirmation module confirms an answer and often occurs often within avoice application, and may be required for other dialog strategies. Whena context shift occurs, for example, the system might requireconfirmation from the user before the shift is executed. The author ofthe dialog application can create a single dialog module, or use andexisting dialog module for all of these tasks. The module that will beused is indicated at the application level, and will be used by alloccasions of confirmation throughout the application. Confirmationoccurs when certain data supplied by the user requires explicitconfirmation (no matter what confidence level the NLU has returned).This might be done by requesting that the user choose between two tasks,for example.

Correction occurs when the user corrects or changes information (thusrequiring the system to loop back to a previous state or pursue anotherkind of decision path). Multi-input occurs when the user volunteers moreinput than they have been prompted to supply (and the system capturesthis info so that later the user only needs to verify informationalready provided). Reprompting occurs when the DM application presents acaller with a repeat prompt using slightly different wording.

When the DM author wishes to uses any of these patterns, the controlstructure is already in place so they can focus on the parameters of thestructure that are specific to their application. Context shifts, forexample, require a way to ensure that certain key phrases (such as“quite”, “start over”, or a complete change of topic) or conditions willtrigger an application specific response, even when a pre-existingdialog definition is being reused.

Support of a Context Shift dialog pattern allows the application toreact to abrupt changes in the flow of conversation with a user. Acontext shift is one of the more tedious types of transitions to encodethroughout an entire application, and it typically prevents reuse ofexisting subdialogs that do not include it. The context shift mechanismdefines the transition for the entire dialog, and passes it on tosubdialogs as well. This means that even if the developer is using astandardized subdialog for, for instance, gathering input, thistransition will still be active in the unmodified subdialog.

A context shift is based on two pieces of information: the input whichtriggers the shift, and the name of the state where the shift goes. Whena subdialog is created, it inherits the context shifts of its parentdialog. If a shift is fired, the subdialog returns a message that ashift has occurred and the parent dialog is set to the state describedby the shift. The only time that a subdialog does not inherit a contextshift is when it already has a shift defined for the same triggerconcept.

In the digression idiom, the application must not only respect keyphrases or conditions (such as “explain” or “help”), but also be able torestore the previous state of the dialog when it is complete. Thesepatterns do not have to be explained by the author, they are alreadyunderstood by the system. This makes it possible for them to be usedwithout having to specify the application-independent aspects of thefeature.

FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary steps that are performed in the methodembodiment of the invention. As shown, the developer may implement thedialog strategy by selecting the top level flow controller type (602) asdetermined by the type of application. Although there might beapplications that require a Clarification or Rules FC as the top leveldialog, the RTN FC is generally the appropriate type of top level dialogfor most applications. Because RTNs are general state machines, they areusually the right FC for a call flow application. Next, the developerbreaks the application down into parts that require different FCs belowthat top level (604). Based on types of subdialogs the developer intendsto write, for example, one may want to incorporate tree logic and/or arules-based module nested within the states transition module. Thedeveloper checks for available subdialogs and selects reusablesubdialogs for each application part (606). For example, the reusableInputSD and other subdialogs will be in a developer's library. Thusthere are a variety of application parts below the top level flowcontroller that may be determined. Where a subdialog is not available,the method comprises developing a subdialog for each application partthat does not have an available subdialog (608). Once availablesubdialogs and developed subdialogs are selected, the developer willtest and deploy the spoken dialog service using the selected top-levelflow controller, selected subdialogs and developed subdialogs (610).

FIG. 2 represents a dialog manager 202 with a loaded flow controller 208for a top level dialog from an XML data file 204. Another flowcontroller 210 is loaded from an XML application data file 206. The useof multiple flow controllers provides in the present invention anencapsulated, reusable and customizable approach to a spoken dialog.This provides an interface definition for a fully encapsulated dialoglogic module and its interaction with other FCs.

The DM application framework with modular logic (DMML) permits thesystem developer to choose dialog strategy appropriate to the servicedomain and combine strategies as appropriate. Several concepts make thisworkable. These include the FC and local context, introduced above.

The local context is applied within each FC 208, 210 to maintain thestate of the FC and is independent of the dialog algorithm implementedtherein. It is also used to communicate values between FCs. An exampleof a context shift is when a user decides to pursue a new or differentgoal before the existing goal is completed or the user wants to startthe process over. For example, if the user is communicating with aspoken dialog service associated with a bank, the user may be in adialog to obtain a checking account balance. Part way through thedialog, the user may suddenly request to transfer money from one accountto another account. Thus, a context shift occurs that may require theimplementation of a subdialog to handle the money transfer context. Theavailability of modular subdialogs for selection by the developer toimplement the spoken dialog with the user provides many advantages interms of time to deployment and cost of development of the spoken dialogsystem.

Other dialog patterns may also be implemented using the modular approachdisclosed herein. For example, a correction pattern can be implementedto handle the situation where the user corrects or changes informationpreviously given. A multi-input pattern can be handled where the uservolunteers more information then he or she has been asked to give.Further, in some cases, explicit confirmation of input is required nomatter the NLU confidence.

The multiple flow controllers can provide interchange between each flowcontroller using a recursive transition network (RTN) which involvesstoring and manipulating states, transitions and actions between variousFCs. In one aspect of the invention, the modular flow controllers areimplemented in a rule-based manner where actions are based on certaincriteria, a silent count and rejection count are maintained, and slotvalues are filled or unfilled.

The subdialogs that are initiated (see 210 FIG. 2) may be initialized bya parent dialog before activation. An input is sent to a subdialog untilits use is complete. Results can be retrieved by a parent dialog andcontext shifts can also return flow control to a parent dialog. Theprocess of encapsulation involves loading each FC into the dialogmanager application separately. In this regard, the same protocol isused for invocation and for communicating and switching flow controlamong FCs. The context shifts allow the control to pass betweendifferent types of FCs.

Finally, context shifts permit abrupt transitions between FCs. FIG. 7illustrates a method aspect of the invention associated with managingcontext shifts between FCs. These transitions are defined in a mannerthat permits each FC to describe a destination for the jump in acustomized manner, and to pass the definition of this jump to FCs ofother types. This feature allows the content author to seamlessly usediverse systems of dialog logic in combination. Internally, the DMMLmaintains a stack of FCs, for example a first FC and a second FC. Whilethe spoken dialog is being managed by a current FC, the system willreceive input associated with the user speech and provide responsesaccording to the particular context of the FC. In this dialog, the usermay want to switch contexts of the conversation (e.g., from accountbalance information to a transaction between accounts). The spokendialog system will then receive input associated with the user speechthat includes information indicating that a context switch is desired bythe user (702). When the current FC invokes a second FC, the second FCis added to the stack and will be the recipient of all new inputs fromthe spoken dialog until it has relinquished control to the parent orfirst FC. Context shifts are inherited by the second FC, and values maybe copied from the local context of the first FC. When new input isreceived, it is passed to the most recent FC, where it is first comparedto at least one context shift (704). The context shifts may be storedwithin a table. If any of the context shifts are activated, control ispassed to the new FC indicated by the context shift, and the FC is setto the state that the shift describes (706). If no context shift isactivated, control passes to the logic of the first FC (708). Thecurrent FC can return control to a previous FC whenever its logicdictates.

The discussion now returns to the development process. As the developerreviews the library of available subdialogs, the developer may determinewhether a new subdialog needs to be developed. The subdialog strategywill have been largely determined by the SLU concepts generated duringthe design phase. General discourse concepts such as YES and NO areavailable (for example, the developer will see that the basic InputSubdialog uses discourse_yes and discourse_no for confirmation if theSLU confidence score is too low.). Other pre-assigned prompts for use inspecial circumstances may be associated with the reusable inputsubdialogs. Specific subdialogs, like BILLING, CREDIT_CARD, and so forthare available. The developer lists all the prompts that may be used.Note that the RTN actions can be completed with the real actions definedas prompts and grammar activation in the call flow. While the developeris working in the keyboard mode (using the Florence Command Line tool)during development, he or she will just input the expected text for theprompt. Later, when the system is ready to be deployed on the NLSplatform the developer will need VoiceXML snippets with the actualprompt definitions (either pre-recorded prompts pointers ortext-to-speech commands).

The developer determines what customization the application requires(i.e., additional java for customized algorithms) and createsapplication files (an application configuration data file, a top leveldialog data file and any necessary subdialog data files) based on adialog strategy. If necessary, the developer creates an outputprocessing template (or adapt one of the sample templates provided inthe Florence or other developer's Toolkit) to format the output for theapplication. Most DM applications include a template file that functionsas the output processor, formatting application output as XHTML, XML orVoiceXML code. When a template is included among the application files,the application's configuration data file element is given a templateattribute. The value of that attribute is the template filename (eg,template=“VoiceXMLTemplate.vxml”). Florence's simple output processormay be used when it is appropriate such as when plain text is acceptableapplication output—for example, when the application is being developed,debugged or tested using a command line tool to provide text input andtext output. (In this case, template=“text” is used instead of atemplate filename.)

Next is discussed the details of building the DM application files,including use of the Florence XML schema and application file templates.Reuse of subdialogs (from other existing Florence applications or otherapplications) is also covered. FIG. 5A illustrates a reusable subdialog.In this case, the reusable subdialog 500 is an input flow controller.The states include an S₁ state for receiving input from the user. S₀ isan input prompt state. This particular group of states illustrates howto handle silence in the input FC 500. If silence is heard, thetransition C₁ takes the flow to state S₂ which increments the silencecount and returns the flow to the get input state S₁ with a silent countparameter. This interaction continues if more silence is heard until thesilent count reaches a threshold value, represented by a C₂ transitionto the fail state. If input is received appropriately, then the flow maytransition to the done state. In this example, error prompt and thesilent count threshold values may be parameters transmitted to this RTNsubdialog.

FIG. 5B illustrates a more complex RTN reusable subdialog 502. In thiscase, the input prompt S₀ transitions to state S₁ which receives theuser input. This subdialog handles silence, rejection, a wrong categoryand a confirmation interaction with the user. If silence is heard, theC₄ transition goes to state S₁ which increments the SilentCountparameter. If a wrong category is received, a wrong category transitionC₆ transitions to state S₇ which increments a WrongCategoryCountparameter and returns to state S₁. A rejection input results in a C₁rejection action transition to state S₆ which increments aRejectionCount parameter. As these parameters each reach a thresholdvalue, then the following transitions may bring the flow to the failstate: C₇ for a SilenceFailAction; C₈ for a RejectionFailAction; and C₉for a WrongCategoryAction transition. If user input is received at stateS₁, that requires confirmation, the flow transitions to state S₂ thatperforms a confirmation interaction with the user, represented by statesS₃ and S₄ and transitions C₁, C₂, and C₃, which transition to either thefail state or the done state. In this manner, the spoken dialog systemcan confirm user input.

Note that the top-level dialog of an application must be identified in a<dialogfile> element in an application configuration data file. Allother dialogs in an application are considered subdialogs that can becalled from that top-level dialog—or from other subdialogs in theapplication. Any subdialogs that will be called must be declared in<dialogfile> tags within the <subdialogs> element in the code of thecalling dialog file.

Building an application configuration data file is discussed next. AFlorence application's configuration file provides key information, suchas what the top-level dialog of the application is, what outputprocessor is used, what NLU engine is used, what types of debugginginformation and log messages will be captured, and so forth. Thestructure and content of an application configuration data file based onthe config.fxml template is generally as follows:

<xml>

<fxml >

<configuration>

<dialogfile/>

<nlu/>

<output/>

</configuration>

</fxml>

</xml>

The fxml element tag, which is the parent for all other FXML tags used,establishes this as a Florence application file using the FXML schema.The configuration tag establishes the file as an applicationconfiguration data file type and contains child elements used to definespecific configuration data. The dialogfile tag identifies the top-leveldialog of this application. The NLU tag specifies the location of inputdata by providing host and port number for the NLU (ie, the NLU enginewhich is to supply the compiled and interpreted data generated from theapplication user's natural language input). The output tag identifiesthe type of output expected from this DM application and the template,if any, that will format the output.

In a typical voice application, this would probably be a VXML templateused to format the DM output as VXML. That VXML would be processed bythe Florence SLG before and then sent to the Natural Voices TTS engineor prompt player, which would generate a spoken response for theapplication user.

The process of building a global context file is discussed next. Theglobal context file is specified by path and filename in anapplication's configuration data, using the globals= attribute of the<configuration> element. This allows global context to be accessed byany dialog or subdialog in the application. When the DM engine cannotfind a variable in the local context of the currently active dialog orsubdialog, Florence will look for it in the global context filespecified by the application's configuration file.

Global context is built using <dictionary> and <var> elements in thesame manner as local context built within a dialog file, however globalvariable definitions are grouped in a separate FXML file. Global contextfunctions in the same way as local context, with one exception: the NLUresults will only be stored locally.

The structure and content of a global context file based on theglobal.fxml template is generally as follows:

<xml>

<fxml>

<global>

<var/>

<array/>

<dictionary/>

</global>

</fxml>

</xml>

The <var>, <array> and <dictionary> tags used in a global context filehave name= and expr= attributes and can also contain nested <var> and<value> tags. Thus, in practice, a global context file used by anapplication might look more like the following:

<xml>

<fxml >

<global>

<var name=“globalTest” expr=“2”/>

<var name=“globalIncrementTest” expr=“0”/>

<array name=“globalNames”>

<value expr=“1.3.1 Action without arguments but with global contextarray.”/>

</array>

<dictionary name=“globalDictionaryTest”><var name=“test” expr=“1.4.1Action without

arguments but with global context array.”/>

</dictionary>

</global>

</fxml>

</xml>

As with all Florence files, the fxml element tag establishes this as aFlorence application file using the FXML schema and serves as acontainer for all other FXML tags used in this file. The global tagestablishes the file as a global context file type and contains childelements used to define specific variables and parameters. The var tagis used here to specify global context variables. The array tag is usedhere to define a global context array. The dictionary tag is used herefor a look-up list of global variable names.

Next, we discuss building an RTN FC Dialog File. A Florenceapplication's top-level dialog is most often a dialog based on theRecursive Transition Network (RTN) flow controller (FC) implementation.RTN dialogs are based on the concepts of states and transitions betweenstates.

As with all Florence files, the fxml element tag establishes this as aFlorence application file using the FXML schema and serves as acontainer for all other FXML tags used in this file. The rtn tagestablishes this as a dialog based on the RTN FC and contains all thechild elements used to build the RTN dialog, including tags to: local todescribe local context, subdialogs to identify subdialogs, actiondefs todefine actions, states to specify states (with associated instructions),transitions to specify transitions (with associated actions),contextshift to identify context shifts, and chronoshift to identifychronoshifts.

Next is discussed the process of building an output processing template.Many simple applications can use the output processor that's built intoFlorence, but most complex applications will require their own outputprocessing template—ie, a template to format Florence output. A fewdifferent output processing templates are provided with the Florencesample applications. These templates include typical elements, such asconfidence level and log level values, identification of the ASR enginebeing used, and so forth. The best way to understand how to build anoutput processing template is to examine these models. They may beadapted to the needs of a new application.

The Florence DM engine's built-in output processor uses an application'sdialog components in conjunction with its output template to prepareappropriate output in response to user input. In a VoiceTone spokendialog application such as a customer care system, this output is whatwill ultimately generate the response to be returned to the customer.This output can take the form of simple text, but most typically theoutput is formatted by the application's output processor—a VoiceXMLtemplate—as VoiceXML code containing speech text prompts. Those speechtext prompts are then used by the Natural Voices TTS engine to generatethe system's spoken response to the customer.

Two components control the content of output from Florence: the OutputProcessor and the Action object. The Output Processor formats Florenceoutput into text, VoiceXML, or whatever other type of string output ithas been specialized to provide. The content comes from an Action objectin the currently active dialog. For the Output Processor to workcorrectly, it must be able to get the content it needs from the Actionobject. This creates a strong coupling between these two components;they will usually be created in pairs.

For VoiceXML applications, the <output> element defined in anapplication's configuration data file must specify a VXML template (suchas the VoiceXMLTemplate.vxml file that is supplied with the Florenceexamples). The VXML template not only uses the text of an action, whichis part of a normal action definition, but it can also use arbitraryblocks of VXML code which have been associated with the action.

Output formats are discussed next. Although an output processor can bedevised to provide many kinds of string output, the most typical outputformats are simple text and VoiceXML: (1) Simple Text Output: For simpletext output from an application, specify “text” as the value of thetemplate attribute of the <output> element in the application'sconfiguration data file. The <actiondef> element in a dialog usuallyincludes a text attribute. The value of this attribute determines theoutput text created by this action through a simple text outputprocessor (ie, the literal text that appears as the value is what willbe output). (2) VoiceXML Output: In order to use a VXML template forFlorence output, the developer may desire to add a template attribute tothe element in the application configuration data file. The value of thetemplate attribute is the pathname (relative to the data directory) ofthe VXML template file the developer intends to use. The text of thisfile will be returned every time an action is taken by Florence.

Next is discussed the process of adapting reusable subdialogs for anapplication. The method of developing a dialog manager preferablyincludes a step of selecting an available reusable subdialog for eachapplication part. The example reusable dialog is the input subdialog(referred to as the InputSD). The input subdialog is a reusable dialogfor collecting input from the user. It is capable of handling silences,rejections, low confidence NLU results, and explicit confirmation and itcan be configured with custom prompts and patience levels for eachinvocation. This section describes how to configure the InputSD, whatbehavior to expect from it, and how to retrieve results from it. It alsoincludes an example of how to use the InputSD.

The InputSD uses the actions copied to it when it is invoked to handlespecific problems that arise during the input process. When a problemarises, the InputSD checks to see if its patience for that sort ofproblem has been exceeded. If it has, then the dialog fails and ends. Ifits patience has not been exceeded, the InputSD plays a prompt from thelist of prompts that have been sent to the subdialog to apply to specialcircumstances.

The special circumstances are silence, rejection, and low-confidence NLUvalue. In the case of an NLU value returned with a low confidence score,the user is given the opportunity to confirm the value with a yes or noanswer (unless the dialog is already trying to get a yes/no value). Itis also possible to request that the dialog always confirm a valuebefore it is returned. The InputSD handles this in a manner similar tothe handling of low-confidence values.

Input values are the local variables that can be configured when theInputSD is invoked. These variables are set using <set> in an<entersubdialog> element. Any prompts that will be used in the InputSDmust also be copied in this instruction set with a <copy> element. Seethe sample code at the end of this section for an example.

Allowed input values include: InputPrompt—this is the name of the promptto play when the InputSD begins; YN—set this to “true” if the dialog isbeing invoked to collect a yes or no response (it defaults to “false”);YvalueName—this is the value that the dialog will recognize as “yes” (itdefaults to “discourse_yes”); NvalueName—this is the value that thedialog will recognize as “no” (it defaults to “discourse_no”);SilenceCategory—this is the value that the dialog will recognize as asilence (it has no default); RejectCategory—this is the value that thedialog will recognize as a rejection (it has no default);ConfidenceThreshold—the input must have a confidence level above thisthreshold (it defaults to 0); and ExpicitConfirm—if this dialog mustalways confirm responses, set this to “true” (it defaults to “false”).

Each of the following variables describes how many times the dialog willtolerate a particular type of input failure before failing. Eachdefaults to 0: SilencePatience; RejectionPatience;ConfidencePatience—this applies to low-confidence, unconfirmed inputs;and confirmPatience—this is the number of times an explicit confirmationcan receive a “no” answer.

The following variables are action names. Local context array variables(the <array> elements within the <local> element of an RTN FC dialogfile) must be copied into these values. There must also be an action foreach of the names given, and each of these actions must be copied usingthe copy action instruction (<copy>). The InputSD iterates over each ofthese sets of actions for a particular type of input situation. If thecounter value of the iteration exceeds the size of the array, the lastvalue will be used again: SilenceActions; RejectionActions;ConfidenceActions—this action prompts the user for a yes/no confirmationof a low-confidence input; ConfirmRequestActions—this action prompts theuser for a yes/no explicit confirmation; ConfirmActions—these promptsare called if the explicit confirmation or a low-confidence confirm getsa “no” response.

The following failure actions occur when the patience for a particularsituation is exceeded. These variables each contain the name of anaction, which must be copied separately with copy action instruction(<copy>): SilenceFailAction; RejectionFailAction; ConfidenceFaiAction;and ExplicitConfimFailAction.

These are the local variables that can be retrieved when the InputSD isfinished: ReturnConcept—the NLU concept that was the InputSD received;ReturnValue—the text received by the InputSD; ReturnConfidence—theconfidence score of the result; result—the actual NLU result; andSuccess—true or false. These variables are retrieved usingSetInstruction in an instruction set with subDialogInstructions set to“true” and enterInstructions set to “false”.

Embodiments within the scope of the present invention may also includecomputer-readable media for carrying or having computer-executableinstructions or data structures stored thereon. Such computer-readablemedia can be any available media that can be accessed by a generalpurpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and notlimitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM,CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or othermagnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to carryor store desired program code means in the form of computer-executableinstructions or data structures. When information is transferred orprovided over a network or another communications connection (eitherhardwired, wireless, or combination thereof) to a computer, the computerproperly views the connection as a computer-readable medium. Thus, anysuch connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium.Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope ofthe computer-readable media.

Computer-executable instructions include, for example, instructions anddata which cause a general purpose computer, special purpose computer,or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function orgroup of functions. Computer-executable instructions also includeprogram modules that are executed by computers in stand-alone or networkenvironments. Generally, program modules include routines, programs,objects, components, and data structures, etc. that perform particulartasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer-executableinstructions, associated data structures, and program modules representexamples of the program code means for executing steps of the methodsdisclosed herein. The particular sequence of such executableinstructions or associated data structures represents examples ofcorresponding acts for implementing the functions described in suchsteps.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that other embodiments of theinvention may be practiced in network computing environments with manytypes of computer system configurations, including personal computers,hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based orprogrammable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframecomputers, and the like. Embodiments may also be practiced indistributed computing environments where tasks are performed by localand remote processing devices that are linked (either by hardwiredlinks, wireless links, or by a combination thereof) through acommunications network. In a distributed computing environment, programmodules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Although the above description may contain specific details, they shouldnot be construed as limiting the claims in any way. Other configurationsof the described embodiments of the invention are part of the scope ofthis invention. Although AT&T's Florence framework and other speechproducts are discussed, the present invention is certainly not limitedto any such specific method or product. Furthermore, the invention isnot limited to a specific standard or protocol in developing speechapplications. It may be applied to existing speech platforms and used inconnection with industry standards such as VXML and SALT to addresscomplex dialog strategies. Accordingly, the appended claims and theirlegal equivalents should only define the invention, rather than anyspecific examples given.

1. A method of switching contexts within a spoken dialog between a userand a spoken dialog system, the spoken dialog system having a dialogmanager with a first flow controller and a second flow controller, eachof the first flow controller and second flow controller being a finitestate model, the method comprising: while the spoken dialog is beingcontrolled by the first flow controller, receiving context-changinginput associated with speech from a user that changes a dialog context;comparing the context-changing input to a table of context shifts; ifany of the context shifts are activated by the comparing step, thenpassing control to an invoked second flow controller indicated by thecontext shift; if no context shift is activated by comparing step, thenmaintaining control of the spoken dialog with the first flow controller;and storing a local context associated with each of the first and secondflow controllers, the local context maintaining a state of the flowcontroller that is independent of implemented subdialogs; wherein thesecond flow controller receives data values stored in the local contextof the first flow controller.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising maintaining a stack of flow controllers, wherein each invokedflow controller is added to the stack of flow controllers.
 3. The methodof claim 2, wherein each invoked flow controller inherits a contextshift and becomes the recipient of all user input as part of the spokendialog interaction until the invoked flow controller relinquishescontrol of the spoken dialog.
 4. A computer-readable medium for storingcomputer instructions for controlling a computing device to switchcontexts within a spoken dialog between a user and a spoken dialogsystem, the spoken dialog system having a dialog manager with a firstflow controller and a second flow controller, each of the first flowcontroller and the second flow controller being a finite state model,the computer instructions comprising the steps: while spoken dialog isbeing controlled by the first flow controller, receivingcontext-changing input associated with speech from a user that changes adialog context; comparing the context-changing input to a table ofcontext shifts; if any of the context shifts are activated by thecomparing step, then passing control to an invoked second flowcontroller indicated by the context shift; if no context shift isactivated by the comparing step, then maintaining control of the spokendialog with the first flow controller; and storing a local contextassociated with each of the first and second flow controllers, the localcontext maintaining a state of the flow controller that is independentof implemented subdialogs; wherein the second flow controller receivesdata values stored in the local context of the first flow controller. 5.The computer-readable medium of claim 4, wherein the steps furthercomprise maintaining a stack of flow controllers, wherein each invokedflow controller is added to the stack of flow controllers.
 6. Thecomputer-readable medium of claim 5, wherein each invoked flowcontroller inherits context shifts and becomes the recipient of all userinput as part of the spoken dialog interaction until the invoked flowcontroller relinquishes control of the spoken dialog.